Outline Sentences

What is the boy crisis?
1. Ask Questions to illuminate
The state of boys
1. Mental
  1. Murder
    Our daughters are not killing us, our sons are. ¹ Mass shootings have tripled since 2011 and are approximately 97% male shooters. What is causing such a disparity? ² A report from 2013 from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) found that males commit 95% of homicides and are 79% of the victims of homicide. ³ Interestingly a study in Nature found that male chimpanzees and bonobos were 92% the attackers and 73% the victims. ⁴
  2. Suicide
    1. Suicides among white males has long surpassed the amount of lives lost to AIDS. ⁵
    2. Hispanics, Asian Americans and African Americans only commit one-third the rate of whites. ⁶
      1. How does this work for the theory of not having fathers, as Hispanics and AA probably have a lower rate of a father in the home?
    3. During the height of the Great Depression, men felt worthless unable to provide for their family. At the height, 154 men committed suicide for each 100 women. ⁷ Yet by 2022, the suicide rate among males in the United States is approximately four times higher than females.⁸ That’s three and a half times more than in the Great Depression.
    4. The phenomenon of men allegedly staging suicides to appear as accidental deaths, ensuring insurance payouts for their families, is a complex issue. This practice often leads to underreported statistics, further obscuring the true prevalence of male suicide and complicating efforts to address the underlying causes.
    5. Could this disparity be due to females inherently handling stress better than males? Perhaps not. When men and women face similar performance pressures, such as in the military, the suicide rate among women rises nearly to the level of men, suggesting that environmental factors play a significant role in this dynamic. ⁹ ¹⁰
    6. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more people die each year from suicide than from war, homicide, and natural disasters combined. In 2019, over 700,000 people died by suicide, accounting for one in every 100 deaths globally. ¹¹
  3. Prison
    1. The U.S. criminal justice system exhibits significant disparities in incarceration demographics, financial allocations, and sentencing practices. Approximately 93% of the incarcerated population are male, with a substantial proportion being young adults. ¹² Despite representing about 5% of the global population, the United States accounts for nearly 25% of the world’s prison population. Notably, a considerable number of these inmates suffer from mental health issues.¹³ Financially, there has been a disproportionate increase in prison spending compared to education. Between 1989 and 2013, state and local expenditures on corrections surged by 89%, while funding for higher education remained relatively stagnant. ¹⁴ Additionally, since 1980, the construction of prisons has outpaced that of colleges, reflecting shifting priorities in infrastructure development.¹⁵ Sentencing disparities further highlight systemic inequalities.¹⁶ Research indicates that men receive 63% longer sentences than women on average, even when controlling for arrest offense and criminal history.
2. Physical
  1. Health
    In the United States, occupational hazards remain a significant concern, with an average of 5,283 fatal work injuries recorded in 2023, equating to approximately 14 deaths per day. Notably, a disproportionate 92% of these fatalities involve male workers, underscoring the heightened risks faced by men in hazardous professions.¹⁷ The propensity for men to engage in high-risk occupations is influenced by various socio-economic factors. Men with lower levels of formal education and greater familial responsibilities may perceive employment in dangerous jobs as a viable means to provide for their families, despite the inherent risks to their own well-being. Furthermore, the dangers associated with such professions extend beyond immediate workplace incidents. For instance, firefighters and other first responders often face long-term health complications due to exposure to hazardous environments, leading to a higher incidence of post-retirement mortality. Beyond occupational hazards, health disparities between genders are evident in broader health metrics. The United States reports a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among males compared to females, contributing to various health complications. Evolutionary biologist Randolph Nesse has highlighted the significant impact of gender disparities in mortality rates. He posits that equalizing male mortality rates to those of females could yield greater public health benefits than curing cancer, emphasizing the need to address the underlying causes of higher male mortality. Globally, life expectancy statistics reveal a consistent gap between genders. On average, females have a life expectancy approximately 7% higher than that of males, a disparity influenced by both biological and socio-economic factors. Historically, this gap has widened over time. In 1920, American men had a life expectancy roughly one year shorter than women. By 2021, this difference had expanded, with females expected to live approximately 5.8 years longer than males.¹⁸ These statistics underscore the pressing need for targeted interventions to address the multifaceted factors contributing to higher mortality rates among men, ranging from occupational hazards to broader health disparities.
3. Economic
  In the contemporary labor market, gender disparities manifest in various sectors, influencing employment stability and economic opportunities. Daughters are increasingly entering stable, recession-resistant fields such as health and education, where women constitute approximately 70% of the workforce.¹⁹
  Conversely, sons are navigating an economy that has transitioned from manual labor to a focus on mental acuity and technological proficiency, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and continuous skill development.
  Over the past four decades, economic shifts have significantly impacted earnings, particularly for individuals with limited formal education. Men possessing only a high school diploma have experienced a substantial decline in real wages, with median earnings decreasing by approximately 41% between 1970 and 2010. ²⁰
  This decline underscores the challenges faced by less-educated men in securing financial stability. ²¹
  In urban settings, young women under thirty have not only closed the earnings gap with their male counterparts but have surpassed them, earning on average 8% more. This trend is evident in numerous U.S. cities, reflecting shifting economic dynamics and the increasing empowerment of women in the workforce.²²
  Additionally, single women are purchasing homes at more than twice the rate of single men, indicating greater financial independence and investment in long-term assets. ²³
  Social perceptions regarding employment status further influence personal relationships. Surveys reveal that a significant majority of women express reluctance to engage in romantic relationships with unemployed men, whereas a majority of men do not consider a woman’s employment status as a critical factor.²⁴
  These patterns highlight evolving societal norms and the complex interplay between gender, employment, and personal choices in the modern economy.
4. Education
  1. Deficit
    In the United States, educational disparities between genders have become increasingly evident, particularly in literacy and academic achievement. By eighth grade, 41% of girls achieve proficiency in writing, compared to only 20% of boys. ²⁵
    This discrepancy extends to higher education. Over recent decades, the proportion of young men obtaining college degrees has declined from 61% to a projected 39%, while young women’s attainment has risen from 39% to a projected 61%. ²⁶
    Additionally, there has been a notable increase in the number of boys expressing disinterest in school, rising by 71% since 1980. In 1980, only 14% of boys reported a lack of interest in school; by 2001, this figure had escalated to 24%.²⁷
    Teacher assessments also reflect gender biases. Studies indicate that boys who perform equally to girls on standardized tests in reading, math, and science often receive lower grades from their teachers. ²⁸
    These academic challenges contribute to a detrimental cycle, particularly in communities with low marriage rates and absent fathers. In such environments, over half of the boys do not complete high school. The lack of education correlates with higher unemployment or underemployment rates among young men, rendering them less desirable as partners. Consequently, some women choose to raise children without them, perpetuating the cycle of absent fathers and disengaged sons.
    Furthermore, girls constitute 70% of valedictorians nationwide, while boys receive 70% of Ds and Fs, highlighting a significant academic achievement gap. ²⁵
    The decline in boys’ academic performance is also reflected in cognitive assessments. Research suggests that boys’ IQ scores have dropped by approximately 15 points since the 1980s, with 12-year-old boys now exhibiting cognitive abilities comparable to 9-year-olds in the 1970s.
    Internationally, in the 70 largest developed nations, boys have fallen behind girls in reading and writing skills, with dropout rates for boys exceeding those of girls by 10%. ²⁹
    These trends underscore the necessity for targeted educational interventions to address the unique challenges faced by boys, aiming to bridge the gender gap and promote equitable academic achievement.
  2. Open: degrees-1.png 7e5f403d0b52c14b0bdc928b5e67f85e_MD5.jpeg
Consequences to boys, society and women
1. Crime
  1. Father absence has been identified as a significant factor contributing to various social challenges among boys. Research indicates that boys raised without a father are more susceptible to engaging in delinquent behavior, including gang involvement. A study published in the Journal of Demographic Economics found that father absence leads to increases in adolescent crime. ³⁰
    The correlation between fatherlessness and mass shootings has also been observed. An analysis by The Heritage Foundation revealed that among the 25 most-cited school shooters since Columbine, 75% were reared in broken homes. ³¹
    Furthermore, juvenile detention centers report a high prevalence of fatherless boys. A study highlighted by the National Responsible Fatherhood Clearinghouse suggests that father absence is a contributor to juvenile delinquency. ³²
    Additionally, research indicates that every 1% increase in fatherlessness in a neighborhood predicts a 3% increase in adolescent violence. This finding underscores the broader societal implications of father absence. ³³
    In summary, the absence of a father figure in a boy’s life is associated with increased risks of delinquency, violence, and incarceration, highlighting the critical role fathers play in child development and societal well-being.
2. Purpose Void
  1. The concept of ikigai, or a sense of purpose in life, has been linked to various health benefits. Studies indicate that individuals who identify their ikigai are less likely to die from heart disease.³⁴
    Fathers play a crucial role in helping their sons discover and cultivate their sense of purpose. However, societal narratives often emphasize “male power” and “male privilege,” which can lead young men to feel pressured to fulfill traditional roles, such as being the primary breadwinner. This expectation may result in feelings of obligation to earn money for others’ expenditure, potentially at the cost of their own health and longevity. Consequently, some young men perceive this role as lacking genuine power or privilege, contributing to a “purpose void.”
    In Japan, cultural observations reveal that boys may view their fathers’ pursuit of success—defined by wealth and authority—as ultimately detrimental. This perspective is influenced by societal norms, such as the saying, “A good husband is healthy but absent,” which underscores the expectation for men to prioritize work over family engagement.³⁵
    Globally, when young men witness paths to purpose that culminate in adverse outcomes, including suicide, or observe the erosion of traditional avenues to fulfillment, they may experience a profound sense of purposelessness. This “purpose void” signals an intrinsic understanding that mere pursuit of conventional success may lead to dissatisfaction.
    Historically, many boys defined their purpose through roles as heroes in warfare or industrious workers, often jeopardizing their health and lives. While contemporary shifts have led fewer boys to adopt these definitions, there remains a lack of viable alternative purposes being presented to fill this void.
    The women’s movement has effectively cautioned girls about the potential career sacrifices associated with marriage. Conversely, there has been less emphasis on educating boys about the potential personal and professional sacrifices they may encounter within marital roles.
    A lack of clear purpose can manifest as diminished motivation among young men, leading to increased engagement in activities such as excessive gaming, social withdrawal, and pornography addiction. Addressing this issue requires a concerted effort to provide young men with meaningful, constructive alternatives that foster a sense of purpose and direction in life.
3. Hero Paradox
  1. The Hero Paradox encapsulates the societal expectation that men should achieve self-worth through self-sacrifice, often at the expense of their well-being. This paradoxical notion suggests that to be valued, men must devalue their own lives by undertaking perilous roles.
    Historically, during times of crisis, such as wars, men have been encouraged to risk their lives for the greater good. This expectation is reinforced through various societal mechanisms, including social incentives from family, peers, and institutions.
    One notable example is the White Feather Movement during World War I, where women would present men not in uniform with white feathers, symbolizing cowardice, to shame them into enlisting. This public act served as a powerful motivator for men to join the military, driven by the fear of social ostracism.³⁶
    The paradox extends to personal relationships, where the traits developed for heroism in war or high-risk occupations may conflict with those needed for nurturing family bonds. The skills and mindset required for survival and success in dangerous environments can hinder emotional intimacy and stability at home, creating a dichotomy between being a hero and a husband.
    Furthermore, societal narratives have historically prepared boys to view themselves as expendable, instilling a sense of duty to protect and provide, even at great personal cost. This cultural conditioning perpetuates the idea that male worth is tied to their willingness to face danger, reinforcing the cycle of male disposability.³⁷
    In summary, the Hero Paradox highlights the complex interplay between societal expectations of male heroism and the personal sacrifices men are compelled to make. Addressing this paradox requires a reevaluation of cultural norms that equate male value with self-sacrifice, promoting a more holistic understanding of masculinity that balances courage with self-preservation.
4. Marriage
  1. Family: Many men express their love and commitment to their families by dedicating themselves to their work, aiming to provide financial stability and opportunities for their loved ones. This dedication often involves long hours and significant time away from home, which, while well-intentioned, can lead to unintended emotional distance and a lack of companionship within the family unit.
    The traditional role of the male breadwinner has been deeply ingrained in many cultures, positioning men as the primary providers. This societal expectation can pressure men to prioritize work over family time, believing that their value and love are demonstrated through financial support. However, this commitment can result in men missing out on important family moments and milestones, leading to feelings of isolation and guilt. A study highlighted by Valiant Living notes that working long hours or having a heavy workload can weaken family bonds, causing individuals to miss significant events and creating conflict within the family.³⁸
    Furthermore, the absence of fathers due to work commitments can have a profound impact on family dynamics. Children may experience a lack of paternal involvement, and partners may feel the strain of managing household responsibilities alone. An article from Live Science discusses how overworked men can affect their wives and families, noting that long work hours can lead to decreased family interaction and increased stress for all family members.³⁹
    The emotional toll on men themselves is also significant. Feelings of guilt and the internal conflict between professional obligations and family desires can lead to stress and mental health challenges. An article from The Advertiser explores the concept of “father’s guilt,” where fathers feel the pain of missing key moments in their children’s lives due to work commitments.
    In conclusion, while the intention behind men’s dedication to work is often to show love and provide for their families, it’s essential to recognize the importance of balancing professional responsibilities with active family involvement. Achieving this balance can foster stronger familial relationships, ensuring that the expression of love is both through provision and presence.
5. Father-less families
  Fatherless families, characterized by the absence of a biological father, have become increasingly prevalent in modern society. In the United States, the percentage of births to unmarried women rose from 18% in 1980 to 39.8% in 2022.
  This shift has profound implications for children, particularly daughters and sons growing up without paternal involvement.
  Daughters in father-absent homes face unique challenges. Research indicates they are more susceptible to teenage pregnancy, as the absence of a father may lead them to seek male attention elsewhere. Additionally, these daughters often struggle with trust issues concerning men, stemming from fears of rejection or abandonment. ⁴⁰
  Sons without father figures encounter distinct obstacles. Economically, they are at a disadvantage; children from fatherless homes are more likely to experience poverty. Educationally, 71% of high school dropouts come from fatherless homes, highlighting the critical role fathers play in academic achievement.⁴¹ Behaviorally, these sons often exhibit delayed maturation, poorer social skills, and an increased propensity for engaging in criminal activities. Mental health concerns are also prevalent, with higher risks of depression, lack of motivation, and increased incidences of ADHD among boys from father-absent households.⁴²
  The broader societal implications of fatherlessness are significant. Communities with higher rates of father-absent homes often experience elevated levels of adolescent violence. Notably, 85% of youths in prison come from fatherless homes, underscoring the link between paternal absence and juvenile delinquency. ⁴¹ Furthermore, approximately 90% of runaway and homeless youths are from fatherless homes, indicating the essential role fathers play in providing stability. Substance abuse is another concern, as father involvement is a significant factor in preventing drug use among children. Children from fatherless homes are at a higher risk of substance abuse.
  Addressing the challenges associated with fatherless families requires comprehensive strategies that promote father involvement, support single-parent households, and foster community programs aimed at mitigating the adverse effects on children. By acknowledging and addressing these issues, society can work towards providing better support systems for children growing up in father-absent homes.
6. Health
  1. Research indicates that children who experience father loss by the age of nine exhibit telomeres that are, on average, 14% shorter compared to their peers with present fathers. ⁴³ This reduction in telomere length is more pronounced in boys, with the effect being 40% greater than in girls. Telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play a crucial role in cellular aging and overall health. Shortened telomeres are associated with a range of health issues, including increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and reduced life expectancy. ⁴⁴ Therefore, the accelerated telomere shortening observed in father-absent children, especially boys, may predispose them to earlier onset of age-related diseases and potentially decrease their overall lifespan.
7. Cost on the nation
  Father-absent households significantly impact national expenditures, particularly concerning welfare programs and correctional facilities.
  Research indicates that father-absent households receive a substantial portion of welfare assistance. A 2008 study by the National Fatherhood Initiative estimated that the annual public cost of father absence was approximately $99.8 billion, primarily due to expenditures on assistance programs for single-mother households.⁴⁵
  In addition to welfare costs, the United States allocates significant funds to its correctional system. In 2020, total expenditures on the corrections system—including prisons, jails, parole, and probation—amounted to $81 billion.⁴⁶
  These figures underscore the substantial financial burden associated with father absence, encompassing both welfare support and correctional expenditures. Addressing the root causes of father absence could potentially alleviate these economic strains and promote more stable family structures.
8. Women can’t find men
  1. In recent decades, there has been a significant shift in educational attainment between genders, with women surpassing men in higher education enrollment and degree completion. This development has introduced complexities in the realm of romantic relationships, particularly concerning women’s preferences for partners with comparable educational backgrounds.
    Statistical data highlights this educational disparity. As of 2021, women accounted for approximately 60% of college students in the United States, a notable increase from previous decades. This trend is not confined to the U.S.; similar patterns are observed globally, indicating a widespread transformation in educational demographics.
    The concept of hypergamy—the preference for a partner of equal or higher social status—has traditionally influenced partner selection, especially among women. With the rise in women’s educational achievements, the pool of men with equivalent or higher educational qualifications has relatively diminished. This imbalance poses challenges for educated women seeking partners with similar academic backgrounds.⁴⁷
    The implications of this shift extend beyond individual relationships, influencing broader societal dynamics. For instance, the increasing number of educated women has been linked to changes in marriage patterns, with some studies suggesting a rise in the age of marriage and a decline in marriage rates among highly educated women. Additionally, this educational gap has been associated with evolving gender roles within households and the labor market.
    Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach. Societal perceptions of gender roles and partner selection criteria may need to evolve to reflect the changing educational landscape. Encouraging equitable educational opportunities for all genders and fostering open dialogues about relationship expectations can contribute to a more balanced and inclusive societal framework.
    In conclusion, the advancement of women’s educational attainment represents a significant societal achievement. However, it also brings to light new challenges in the domain of romantic relationships and partner selection. Recognizing and addressing these complexities is essential for fostering harmonious personal relationships and promoting societal cohesion in an era of educational parity.
9. Patriarchy Propaganda
  The concept of patriarchy often emphasizes male privilege, yet this perspective can inadvertently overlook the challenges men face within such a system. Patriarchal structures impose rigid gender norms, pressuring men to conform to traditional notions of masculinity, which can lead to emotional suppression and hindered personal development. This societal framework not only perpetuates inequality but also neglects the nuanced experiences of men, thereby reinforcing stereotypes and limiting opportunities for both genders.
10. Men are often valued more for their actions and achievements than for their inherent worth, leading to societal expectations that prioritize productivity over personal well-being. This perspective can result in men being appreciated primarily for their roles as providers or protectors, rather than as individuals with emotional and psychological needs.
Blindness, ignorance or apathy?
Throughout history, societal structures have often necessitated the sacrifice of men, particularly in times of conflict. This expectation has led to a cultural norm where men’s willingness to face danger is both anticipated and valorized. Such norms contribute to a “gender empathy gap,” where men’s suffering is less acknowledged, as their roles as protectors overshadow their individual vulnerabilities.⁴⁸
Despite the profound impact of these issues, there is a notable scarcity of professional and corporate initiatives addressing men’s health and well-being. The absence of a White House Council on Men and Boys or federal offices dedicated to men’s health exemplifies this oversight. This lack of institutional support perpetuates the marginalization of men’s issues in public discourse.
In the realm of family dynamics, biases further exacerbate challenges faced by men. Studies indicate that social workers may prioritize children’s preferences for maternal custody, often disregarding paternal preferences. This professional bias can hinder fathers’ involvement in their children’s lives, affecting familial relationships and child development.⁴⁹
The portrayal of fathers as “deadbeat dads” is another detrimental stereotype. A significant portion of child support debt is owed by parents with incomes below the federal poverty level, predominantly affecting fathers. Consequently, many are incarcerated for their inability to pay, further diminishing their capacity to secure employment and fulfill financial obligations upon release.⁵⁰
Media representations often reinforce negative stereotypes about men. Advertisements and campaigns highlighting “toxic masculinity” or promoting slogans like “The Future is Female” can inadvertently marginalize men, fostering a societal narrative that overlooks the complexities of male experiences.⁵¹
Societal expectations also position men as “success objects,” where their value is tied to professional achievements. This emphasis can impede the development of social skills, leading to challenges in personal relationships. In cases of divorce, men may be perceived as lacking emotional depth, overshadowing their financial contributions.
The “success-love conflict” further illustrates the dichotomy men face. The introspection required for professional success may conflict with the emotional availability needed in personal relationships. This tension can hinder men’s ability to connect deeply with partners, affecting relational satisfaction.
Moreover, societal norms often discourage men from expressing emotions, leading to internalization of struggles. When men do share their feelings, they may encounter apathy or dismissal, reinforcing a cycle of emotional suppression that can have detrimental effects on mental health.⁵²
Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a comprehensive reevaluation of societal attitudes towards men. By fostering empathy, challenging stereotypes, and promoting inclusive dialogues, society can work towards bridging the empathy gap and acknowledging the diverse experiences of men.
Solutions
Fathers play a pivotal role in child development, contributing uniquely to their children’s growth through various activities and interactions. One significant aspect is boundary enforcement. While mothers often emphasize empathy and understanding, fathers tend to enforce boundaries, teaching children the importance of respecting limits and understanding the needs of others. This approach helps children develop self-discipline and social awareness.
Engaging in activities like exploring nature, taking risks, and roughhousing are other ways fathers contribute to their children’s development. Such interactions have been linked to improved self-control and social skills in children. For instance, studies on animal behavior suggest that rough-and-tumble play can lead to reduced aggression and enhanced social abilities in adulthood.⁵³
Fathers also create “teachable moments” by challenging their children’s limits, encouraging resilience and problem-solving skills. Spending quality “hangout time” with fathers has been associated with better psychological outcomes for children, including higher self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety.
Teasing, when done appropriately, can help children interpret social cues and develop emotional intelligence. It serves as a form of bonding and prepares children to handle criticism constructively. Additionally, fathers often model assertiveness, teaching children to express themselves confidently without aggression, thereby enhancing their social interactions and friendships.
Beyond individual family dynamics, societal structures like boy-only support groups and activities such as the Boy Scouts provide environments where boys can develop skills and values in a supportive setting. These groups offer mentorship and a sense of belonging, which are crucial during developmental years.
Allocating time for father-child interactions is essential. Research indicates that children benefit more from the quality of time spent with their fathers than the quantity of financial support provided. This quality time fosters stronger emotional bonds and better developmental outcomes.
Addressing the concept of “heroic intelligence” versus “health intelligence” is also important. Traditional narratives often glorify self-sacrifice, especially among men, which can be detrimental to long-term health. Promoting health intelligence encourages individuals to prioritize well-being and longevity over perilous pursuits.
Emotional intelligence is another critical area where fathers can make a significant impact. Boys often experience a “compassion void,” lacking avenues to express vulnerabilities. Fathers who model and encourage emotional expression help their sons develop empathy and better interpersonal skills.
In educational settings, incorporating vocational education and ensuring adequate recess time in schools can address diverse learning needs and promote physical health. Vocational programs provide practical skills that prepare students for the workforce, while recess offers necessary breaks that enhance focus and social interaction.
In conclusion, fathers contribute uniquely to their children’s development through boundary enforcement, engaging activities, and quality time. Their involvement fosters emotional intelligence, resilience, and social skills, underscoring the importance of active fatherhood in nurturing well-rounded individuals.
Conclusion
1. Reveal Question
2. Restate argument

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-increasing-harvard-research ↩
https://www.statista.com/statistics/476445/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-gender/ ↩
https://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf ↩
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13727 ↩
Anne Case and Angus Deaton, “Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 49 (2015): 15078–15083, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112. ↩
Suicide Prevention Resource Center. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities.” Accessed December 5, 2023. https://sprc.org/about-suicide/scope-of-the-problem/racial-and-ethnic-disparities/. ↩
In 1933, the suicide rate for males aged 15 to 24 was 1.84 times higher than that for females in the same age range. This data is detailed in the Mortality Statistics 1933 report published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. For a comprehensive analysis of gender disparities in suicide rates, see Jack Kammer’s work on men’s silent struggles. ↩
https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2023/s0810-US-Suicide-Deaths-2022.html ↩
http://latimes.com/nation/la-na-female-veteran-suicide2010608-story.html ↩
https://www.rand.org/multimedia/podcasts/veterans-in-america/why-so-many-military-women-think-about-suicide.html ↩
https://www.who.int/news/item/17-06-2021-one-in-100-deaths-is-by-suicide ↩
https://www.statista.com/statistics/624034/distribution-of-prisoners-in-the-us-by-gender/ ↩
https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/rschstat/eval/other/expenditures-corrections-education/brief.pdf ↩
https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/rschstat/eval/other/expenditures-corrections-education/brief.pdf ↩
https://www.weforum.org/stories/2016/07/us-spending-is-rising-much-faster-on-prisons-than-on-schools/ ↩
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USAFacts. “Do women live longer than men in the US?” https://usafacts.org/articles/do-women-live-longer-than-men-in-the-us/ ↩
World Health Organization. “Gender equity in the health workforce: Analysis of 104 countries.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/gender-equity-in-the-health-workforce-analysis-of-104-countries ↩
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U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Career Outlook: Education pays.” https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2023/data-on-display/education-pays.htm ↩
Federation of American Scientists. “Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019.” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45090.pdf ↩
U.S. Department of the Treasury. “The Economic Security of American Households.” https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/226/The_Economic_Security_of_American_Households_Issue_Brief_1-The_Evolution_of_Earnings_and_Income_APR2016.pdf ↩
Brad Tuttle, “No Job? No Date for You!” TIME, June 29, 2012. https://business.time.com/2012/06/29/no-job-no-date-for-you/ ↩
American Psychological Association. “American Girls Read and Write Better Than Boys.” https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/09/girls-read-write ↩ ↩²
Educational Policy Institute. “Higher Education Enrollment Trends by Gender, 1970 to 2025.” https://educationalpolicy.org/hello-world/ ↩
National Center for Education Statistics. “Trends in Educational Equity of Girls & Women.” https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005169.pdf ↩
Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis. “The Relationship Between Test Item Format and Gender Achievement Gaps.” https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Test%20Format%20and%20Gender%20Achivement%20Gaps.pdf ↩
American Psychological Association. “Gender Differences in Reading and Writing Achievement.” https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-amp0000356.pdf ↩
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-demographic-economics/article/abs/effects-of-absent-fathers-on-adolescent-criminal-activity-an-economic-approach/F52740881D7DA086087B2A44EB1A8619 ↩
https://www.heritage.org/marriage-and-family/commentary/the-crisis-fatherless-shooters ↩
https://www.fatherhood.gov/research-and-resources/differential-influence-absent-and-harsh-fathers-juvenile-delinquency ↩
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-demographic-economics/article/abs/effects-of-absent-fathers-on-adolescent-criminal-activity-an-economic-approach/F52740881D7DA086087B2A44EB1A8619 ↩
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151203112844.htm ↩
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https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/White-Feather-Movement/ ↩
https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/the-2017-best-of-the-disposability-of-men-posts-lbkr/ ↩
https://www.valiantliving.com/2021/08/31/consequences-of-not-having-a-work-life-balance/ ↩
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https://www.nolongerfatherless.org/statistics ↩ ↩²
https://fathers.com/the-consequences-of-fatherlessness/ ↩
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/140/2/e20163245/38629/Father-Loss-and-Child-Telomere-Length?redirectedFrom=fulltext ↩
https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/07/18/cellular-level-childs-loss-father-associated-increased-stress ↩
https://www.fatherhood.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/e000002057.pdf ↩
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https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2024/12/4b-sex-strike-american-dating/680770/ ↩
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-do-life/202004/the-gender-gap-in-empathy ↩
https://bestforthechildren.com/what-social-workers-can-and-cant-do-in-a-custody-battle-a-comprehensive-guide/ ↩
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/policy-guidance/family-and-state-benefits-debt-compromise ↩
https://redwoodbark.org/79728/opinion/the-reality-of-toxic-masculinity-behind-media-portrayment/ ↩
https://psyhccare.com/2024/12/17/analyzing-how-societal-expectations-of-masculinity-contribute-to-mental-health-issues-such-as-depression-anxiety-and-substance-abuse-among-men/ ↩
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/parenting-and-culture/202106/the-importance-of-fathers-for-child-development ↩

Footnotes