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1800-1899

1818: More Jews than Muslims in Jerusalem

• Perpetrators: Arabs and Druze
• Killing and raping
• Destruction of homes and synagogues
• 13 synagogues and 500 Torah
  scrolls destroyed
• Hundreds fled

1834 Battle of Hebron

1839: Allahdad Pogram in Iran

1880: Jewish Land Purchases in Palestine

Jews went out of their way to avoid purchasing land in areas where Arabs might be displaced. They sought land that was largely uncultivated, swampy, cheap and, most important, without tenants. In 1920, Labor Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion expressed his concern about the Arab fellahin, whom he viewed as “the most important asset of the native population.” David Ben-Gurion said, “under no circumstances must we touch land belonging to fellahs or worked by them.” He advocated helping liberate them from their oppressors. “Only if a fellah leaves his place of settlement,” Ben-Gurion added, “should we offer to buy his land, at an appropriate price.”

When John Hope Simpson arrived in Palestine in May 1930, he observed: “They [Jews] paid high prices for the land, and in addition they paid to certain of the occupants of those lands a considerable amount of money which they were not legally bound to pay.”

1881-1884: Pogroms in the Russian Empire

1882: Zionist settles begin to come

First Aliyah: 1881 - 1903

In all, nearly 35,000 Jews came to Palestine during the First Aliyah. Almost half of them left the country within several years of their arrival, some 15,000 established new rural settlements, and the rest moved to the towns.

1886: Arabs killed a older Jewish Woman

1897: First Zionist Congress

JEWISH IMMIGRATION LAWS/RESTRICTIONS

Palestinians interrupted the Jews as invading colonists, yet they were just refugees since 1881.

• Thinking their Czar plants or German invaders

• Assumed European colonialists

Israeli’s are a refugee people with nowhere to go and that’s why they can’t be terrorized away.

1903-1906: Pogroms in the Russian Empire

1904-1914: The “Second Aliyah”

1913: Anti-Jewish Violence

Anti-Jewish violence became endemic, with Jewish settlement guards—who were seen as symbols of the Zionist enterprise—regularly dying at the hands of Arab ambushers between 1911 and 1913. In April 1914, the British consul in Jerusalem reported, “The assaults upon Jews in the outlying districts are increasingly frequent.” So, the conflict began well before the Balfour Declaration and before the British conquered Palestine in 1917–1918 and briefly endorsed Zionism.

-Benny Morris

In November 1913, an Arab notable, Sheikh Sulayman al-Taji (al-Faruqi), published the following poem in the Jaffa Arab daily Filastin, against the backdrop of continuing Arab land sales to Jews:

Jews, sons of clinking gold, stop your deceit;

We shall not be cheated into bartering away our country!

…

The Jews, the weakest of all peoples and the least of them,

Are haggling us for our land;

how can we slumber on?

1916 January 3: Sykes-Picot Agreement

1917 October 23: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

1917 November 2: Balfour Declaration

The_Forgotten_Truth_about_Balfour_Delcaration.pdf (file not included in this release)

The_Balfour_Declarations_Deep_anti-Semitism.pdf (file not included in this release)

How_Anti-Semitism_Helped_Create_Israel.pdf (file not included in this release)

Balfour himself explained several times after 1917: that he had been motivated by a desire to do something for the Jews, because they had suffered greatly at the hands of the Christian world during the previous 1,900 years and because of the values and norms, including monotheism and the notions of social justice, that they had bestowed on humankind through the Old Testament.
-Benny Morris

1917 December 9: British captures Jerusalem

1919: Haj Amin suicide groups to terrorize Jews

1920-1927: The Third Aliyah

Story not told; they weren’t Zionist or ideological, but refugees

1920-1948: British Mandate for Palestine: Great Britain administered Palestine on behalf of League of Nations

Situation in the Beginning of British Mandate 19th-Early 20th Century

1920: Battle of Tel Hai

1920: April 4: Nebi Musa riots

1921 May 1-7: Jaffa Riots

1921 November 2: Riots in Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem

New bloody riots broke out in Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem on November 2, 1921, when five Jewish residents and three of their Arab attackers were killed, which led to calls for the resignation of the city’s commissioner, Sir Ronald Storrs

1924 June: Assassination of Jacob Israel de Haan

1929 August 19: Stabbing of Jew 17-year-old Abraham Mizrachi

1929 August 24: Hebron Massacre

1932-1980s: Pan-Arabism

The major political expression of this trend had been the establishment in August 1932 of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, which espoused pan-Arabism, independence (with Palestine as part > of a Greater Syria), and the abrogation of the Balfour Declaration.31 The Istiqlal was the preeminent expression of the politics of the young rebels, at least for a year, after which its inuence plummeted. The rst National Congress of Arab Youth, in Jaa in January 1932, had adopted an “Istiqlalist” platform. Party members patrolled the beaches to prevent illegal immigration, and forced shopkeepers to comply with political strikes

Righteous Victims - Benny Morris, page 182 (file not included in this release)

The major political expression of this trend had been the establishment in August 1932 of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, which espoused pan-Arabism, independence (with Palestine as part of a Greater Syria), and the abrogation of the Balfour Declaration.31 The Istiqlal was the preeminent expression of the politics of the young rebels, at least for a year, after which its inuence plummeted. The rst National Congress of Arab Youth, in Jaa in January 1932, had adopted an “Istiqlalist” platform. Party members patrolled the beaches to prevent illegal immigration, and forced shopkeepers to comply with political strikes.32 In 1930–31 the two Husseinis, Amin and Musa Kazim, established a “National Fund,” modeled on the Jewish National Fund, to raise money for nationalist activities; but most Palestinians declined to contribute.33 Its failure stemmed partly from the animosity of landowners associated with the Opposition and possibly from the nature and mentality of Palestinian Arabs: They looked rst to the family, the clan, and the village as domains of responsibility. A “national” fund to forestall Jewish purchases in a remote corner of the country proved beyond their ken.

Righteous Victims - Benny Morris, page 183 (file not included in this release)

1936-1939: Arab Revolt

• Popular uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against British mandate due to increasing flow of Jewish immigrants.

• Sparked by back and forth killings of two Jews by a Qassamite band, followed by the retaliatory killing of two Arab workers.

• First part of movement was seized upon by the urban and elitist Arab Higher Committee, which made the revolt focus on strikes and other political forms of protest.

• Second phase in 1937 lead to violent conflict between British Army and Palestine Police Force against the peasant-led resistance movement.

• Walid Khalidi estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead, 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead due to intracommunal terrorism, and 14,760 wounded. Several hundred Palestinian Jews were killed.

At the start of the revolt, the Palestinian Arab political parties established a supreme cabinet like body, the Arab Higher Committee. Its founding declaration stated: “Because of the general feeling of danger that envelops this noble nation, there is need for solidarity and unity and a focus on strengthening the holy national jihad movement.” As the revolt unfolded, the mufti and kadi of Nablus toured the surrounding villages “preaching that anyone who killed a land seller would reside in paradise in the company of the righteous.” The language of the rebellious nationalists was commonly the language of jihad. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 70 (file not included in this release)

Transfer thinking crested, if one is to judge by the protocols of internal Zionist leadership deliberations, during the years of the revolt and in the years immediately following under the impress of the Nazi persecution and then slaughter of Europe’s Jews. With the Arabs threatening to slaughter Palestine’s Jews and, through pressure on Britain, bringing about the closure of Palestine’s gates to Jewish immigration, and with Hitler killing Europe’s Jews and preventing them from escaping, the Zionists quite understandably sought the eviction of that Arab population which, by its actions, was indirectly contributing to the murder of their European kinfolk by helping to deny them a safe haven in Palestine and by threatening the lives of the Jews who already lived in the country. Hence, it is not surprising that Weizmann in 1941 spoke to the Soviet ambassador in London of the need to transfer half a million Arabs out of Palestine, as “a first instalment,” to make room for two million Jews fleeing from Hitler’s clutches in Europe. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 85 (file not included in this release)

The Great Misinterpretation How Palestinians View Israel - Haviv Rettig Gur > ^0dee70

1937: Peel Commission

Arab’s rejected

The commissioners recommended that the Mandate be dissolved and that something less than 20 percent of the country—the Galilee and the northern and central sectors of the Coastal Plain—be awarded for Jewish statehood, with the bulk of the rest (some 70– 75 percent of the country) earmarked for Arab rule. The com- mission further recommended that the Arab area eventually be joined to Transjordan, to create a “Greater Transjordan,” under the rule of the Hashemite prince Abdullah. (The remaining 5– 10 percent of the country—Jerusalem and Bethlehem, with religious cachet, and a strip of land from these towns, through Ramla, leading to the Mediterranean coast—was set aside by the commission for continued British rule.)
[[One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened.pdf#page=79&selection=8,0,36,39|One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 79

The Palestine Arabs and the surrounding Arab states—though not Abdullah—flatly rejected the Peel proposals and, in October, renewed the rebellion, which was to last until spring 1939, when it was finally crushed by the British, with a little help from the Zionists. The Arabs had managed to kill some 500 Jews and about 150 British soldiers; they had suffered 2,000–5,000 dead. Khalidi tells us that the rebellion was so fierce and widespread that the British deployed “100,000” troops to suppress it. This is a vast exaggeration. British forces in Palestine in 1936–1939 never numbered more than 40,000, if that.

• After the rebellion, the British government, in May 1939, issued a new policy statement. The new British rules severely curtailed Jewish immigration, limiting it to 75,000 over a five-year period, with any further immigration contingent on Arab agreement (which everyone knew would not be forthcoming). The White Paper also promised the country’s Arab majority population (the majority assured by the limitations on Jewish immigration) independence within 10 years and radically curbed future Jewish land purchases.

-Benny Morris

1938 February: Woodhead Commission

Palestine Partition Commission

1938: Tiberias massacre of Jews

1939: St. James Conference

1939 May: White Paper of 1939

Arab’s rejected

Arab’s rejected

• The Arabs, led by Husseini, rejected the White Paper, and Khalidi more or less endorses that rejection, saying that the British could not be trusted to implement the announced policy and that the Jews had been given veto power over the promised independence with Arab majority rule. Khalidi adds: “In any case, it was already too late. The Chamberlain government had only a few months left in office when it issued the White Paper, Britain was at war very soon afterward, and Winston Churchill, who succeeded Chamberlain … was perhaps the most ardent Zionist in British public life.” But this is nonsense. In May 1939, there was no reason to believe that Chamberlain would not continue to rule for years, and in any case, he remained prime minister for another year, until May 1940, not just for “a few months.” And Churchill, though a pro-Zionist, stuck for reasons of state to his predecessor’s anti-Zionist policy through World War II, including the drastic curb on Jewish immigration, even as European Jews were being butchered by the Nazis.

• Most historians of the British Mandate believe that the Palestinian Arabs, in rejecting the 1939 anti-Zionist White Paper, shot themselves in the foot (or perhaps higher), but not Khalidi. He sympathetically cites points made in the memoirs of Dr. Husayn al-Khalidi, his uncle, the sometime mayor of Jerusalem and a member of the Arab Higher Committee, the governing body of the Palestine Arab national movement. “It was their [i.e., the British] consistent support for the Zionists that most angered Dr. Husayn,” Khalidi tells us. He fails to fully acknowledge that in 1938–1939 the British, under the impact of the Arab Revolt, fearful of the impending world war against the German-Italian-Japanese coalition, and wanting to keep the Arab world onside or at least neutral, about-faced and turned anti-Zionist (and were to remain so, in effect, down to the mid-1950s).

• Benny Morris

• Condemned Terrorism

• Accepted Arab Demands

• Jewish Veto Removed

1941: Pogrom in Baghdad

Palestinian Arabs during WWII

Khalidi’s treatment of the Arab-Zionist conflict during World War II and its aftermath is equally misguided and suffers from a string of assertions and omissions that distort the reality of what happened. Khalidi stresses that “over twelve thousand” Palestine Arabs served in the British army in World War II—a figure that is probably double the true figure, with most serving as service personnel, not combatants, in bases inside Palestine. Khalidi produces this number to obfuscate the much larger truth—that, to judge by impressionistic evidence (in the absence of opinion polls), most Arabs, including most of Palestine’s Arabs, supported Germany and an Axis victory in World War II, if only because they hated the British, who had just crushed their revolt, and hated the Jews, who were their antagonists in Palestine. Representative is the diary of the prominent (Christian) Palestinian educator, Khalil Sakakini, who wrote on July 27, 1942, that Palestine’s Arabs had “rejoiced when the British bastion at Tobruk fell to the Germans… . Not only the Palestinians rejoiced … but the whole Arab world … not because they love the Germans, but because they dislike the English.” Benny Morris

1942: Biltmore Conference

1944: Operation Atlas (Nazi Infiltration)

1944-1948: Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

The Haganah, Irgun, Lehi all joined together to form the Jewish Resistance Movement.

• Insurgent activities in the area were in response to the proposed 1939 White Paper.

• On the 22nd of July, 1946, the Irgun bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, leading to the deaths of 91 people of various nationalities. This hotel was the headquarters for Mandatory Palestine.

• Was the deadliest attack against the British during the entire Mandate era (1920-1948)

1946: Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

Following the Holocaust, the Zionist movement was energized to establish a Jewish state immediately, and much of the world—especially the United States—became sympathetic to the Jews’ aspirations. But Britain, now with a post-Churchill Labour government, remained opposed, and the Zionist underground groups launched a minirebellion against Palestine’s occupiers, ultimately claiming dozens of British lives. At the end of 1945, after President Harry Truman came out in support of the Zionists’ demand to allow 100,000 Holocaust survivors into Palestine, the two Anglo-Saxon powers set up the 12-man Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry to find a solution. Six months later, the committee issued its proposals: It endorsed Truman’s proposal on immigration but rejected the demand for a Jewish state. Instead, it avoided a clear verdict on the political solution and suggested a binational, one-state formula, while rebuffing the Zionist desire for Jewish statehood. Astonishingly, Khalidi summarizes the upshot this way: “The committee came to conclusions that mirrored precisely the desires of the Zionists.” The purpose of Khalidi’s distortion of the committee’s proposals is clear: yet another “proof” that the Anglo-Saxon powers remained subservient to Zionist aspirations. Benny Morris

1946 July: Irgun Bomb King David Hospital

1947 August: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

UNSCOP, created by the UN General Assembly and made up of representatives of states uninvolved in the conflict. At the end of August 1947, it submitted its recommendations, which were to serve as the basis of the historic UN General Assembly Partition Resolution of November 29, 1947.

1947 November 29: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Arab’s rejected

Like the Peel Commission before it, the UNGA proposed a two-state solution, but this time with 42 percent of the territory for a Palestinian Arab state and 55 percent for a Jewish state (most of it desert). Khalidi attributes the General Assembly’s pro-Zionist tilt to “the postwar realignment of international power”—meaning realpolitik and the emergence and influence of the two superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union—instead of to the various states’ sympathy for the Jews under the impact of the Holocaust. This is important for Khalidi, because if you concede that the member states were moved in large part by humanitarian concerns (and the Holocaust seemed to prove that the Zionists were right, that the Jews could not live in safety in the diaspora and needed a state of their own), then you are conceding the moral high ground to the Jews.

• The UN vote—33 for, 13 against, and 10 abstentions—represented the overwhelming will of the international community, with all the world’s democracies except Greece and India (which had a large Muslim minority) supporting Jewish statehood within a two-state solution, and a cluster of dictatorships, most of them Arab and Muslim, voting against. But Khalidi doesn’t tell the readers any of this or, explicitly, of the Arab world’s reaction to the vote, which was a thunderous rejection. The Palestinians, for their part, immediately began shooting at Jewish pedestrians and traffic, marking the start of the 1948 war. Khalidi simply says, “The resolution was another declaration of war … a blatant violation of the principle of self-determination.” It was the Palestinians, backed by the Arab states, who unleashed the hostilities—but it was the Jews and their international supporters, by voting aye, who had “declared war” in Khalidi’s Orwellian formulation. The UN had issued “the international birth certificate for a Jewish state,” but it had also issued a birth certificate for a Palestinian Arab state, and the Arab world, along with the Palestinians, had rejected it. Ironically or not, today’s PLO leaders, 70 years on, refer to the 1947 resolution positively, as legitimation and a basis for their claim to statehood.

• Benny Morris

1947-1948: Civil War

While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at all costs, the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country was exposed. Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.

The high morale of the Arab fighters and politicians was not shared by the Palestinian Arab civilian population. The UN Palestine Commission reported ‘Panic continues to increase, however, throughout the Arab middle classes, and there is a steady exodus of those who can afford to leave the country. ‘From December 1947 to January 1948, around 70,000 Arabs fled, and, by the end of March, that number had grown to around 100,000.

• These people were part of the first wave of Palestinian refugees of the conflict. Mostly the middle and upper classes fled, including the majority of the families of local governors and representatives of the Arab Higher Committee. Non-Palestinian Arabs also fled in large numbers. Most of them did not abandon the hope of returning to Palestine once the hostilities had ended.

Palestinian.IDPs.pdf (file not included in this release)

Irgun - Wikipedia

1948_Myths_and_Facts.pdf (file not included in this release)

Yosef_Weitz_and_the_Transfer_Committees.pdf (file not included in this release)

Benny_Morris_and_the_Reign_of_Terror.pdf (file not included in this release)

As with the first stage of the 1948 war, launched by Palestinian gunmen on November 30, 1947, Khalidi fails to tell his readers that the second stage of the war, from mid-May 1948 to 1949, was launched by the Arab states, whose armies in unison invaded Palestine on May 15

• The US provided Israel with no weaponry (or money) during the 1948 war and did its best, in fact, to prevent clandestine arms from reaching the new state, even arresting American Zionist operatives.

• Benny Morris

At the same time, the war witnessed a large-scale transfer of Arab inhabitants, with some 700,000 being displaced from their homes, about two- thirds of them coming to rest in other parts of Palestine (the West Bank and Gaza Strip) and one-third in neighboring Arab countries (primarily Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria) One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 86 (file not included in this release)

1948 April 9: Deir Yassin massacre

He quotes the Arab Higher Committee’s Husayn Fakhri al-Khalidi instructing Arab newspaper editors to give the battle “the utmost propaganda possible,” explaining: “We are forced to give a picture—not what is actually happening—but we had to exaggerate a little bit so that maybe the Arab countries would become enthusiastic to come and join us.” In that spirit, when the Arab Higher Committee published photos of mutilated bodies, Tauber reports, a “Haganah intelligence man identified the bodies as actually being Jewish victims of mutilation by Arabs.”

1948 May 13: Kfar Etzion massacre

1948 May 14: Israeli Declaration of Independence

Ben-Gurion didn’t wait and declared the State of Israel

• UN recognizes Israel

• Soviet Union recognizes Israel

• Solved miraculously in hours after independence declaration

1948 May 15: Arab–Israeli War

• 5 Arab states invade

• Arab Invasion:

• Egyptians had no war experience

• Thought Jews would run away

• Egypt went to Tel Aviv

• Jordan went to West Bank and Jerusalem

• Syria went towards Nazareth

• Lebanon attacked from north

• Superior in numbers and experience

• Number of victories in beginning

• Any villages they encountered inhabitants were expelled or killed

• Egyptians were halted only 20 miles from Tel Aviv

• After 3 weeks, Israel brought the invasion to a stand still

• Israel had no aircraft or tanks, hardly had guns

• When Israel got weapons, the tide changed

• Egypt shaken by the defeat, plotted coup, Army took power

1948 June: Morocco riots in Oujda and Jerada pogrom

The Arabs found rioting to be a very effective political tool because the British attitude toward violence against Jews, and their response to the riots, encouraged more outbreaks of violence. In each riot, the British would make little or no effort to prevent the Arabs from attacking the Jews. After each incident, a commission of inquiry would try to establish the cause of the riot. The conclusions were always the same: the Arabs were afraid of being displaced by Jewish immigrants. To stop the disturbances, the commissions routinely recommended that restrictions be made on Jewish immigration.

Israel_Notes_6.pdf (file not included in this release) Appeasing the Arabs to Prepare for Hitler | Palestine Mandate Part 4 - Casual Historian

HajAmin_al-Husseini_the_Nazis_and_the_Holocaust-_The_Origins_Nature_and_Aftereffects_of_Collaboration.pdf (file not included in this release)

Arab nationalism, of which there had been some early but slight intimations in the decades preceding World War I, got into its stride only during the latter half of the war and in its immediate wake. A thin layer of the Palestine Arab elite began to consider “Palestine” as a separate geopolitical entity with a pos- sibly distinct trajectory leading to self-determination and state- hood during the 1920s, following the severance of Palestine from Syria through the French takeover of Lebanon (1918) and Syria (1920) and the British conquest of Palestine and Transjordan (1917–1918) and the subsequent institution during 1920–1922 of separate French and British mandates over these territories. From that point on, the Palestinian Arab elite struggled tooth and nail to deny the “Jewishness” of Palestine. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 50 (file not included in this release)

by 1918–1919, the Zionist leaders were claiming a “Greater Palestine,” encom- passing both all the territory west of the River Jordan and a twenty-mile-deep strip of land to the east of Wadi ‘Araba and the Jordan River, as well as the land around and south of the Litani River to the north (in present-day Lebanon), as the patrimony of the Jewish people, to be transformed, over time, into a Jewish state. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 51 (file not included in this release)

The problem with binationalism, however—apart from main- stream Zionist opposition—was that Brit Shalom and Magnes could find no Arab partners, or even interlocutors, who shared the binational vision or hope. As Magnes succinctly put it as early as 1932: “Arabs will not sit on any committee with Jews … [Arab] teachers … teach children more and more Jew-hatred.”43 In this sense, things only got worse with the passage of time, the deepening of the Arabs’ political consciousness, and the increase in Jewish immigration. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 69 (file not included in this release)

But although the transfer idea periodically gripped the imagination of this or that Zionist stalwart during 1882–1936, it was never adopted as a goal or policy platform by the Zionist movement or any of the main Zionist political parties, not then and not later. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 82 (file not included in this release)

1949-1956: Cross boarder raids

“It doesn’t matter what the world says. It doesn’t matter what they say about Israel anywhere else. The only thing that matters that we can exist here. Unless its clear that there’s a price to pay for Jewish lives, we will not be able to survive. And that’s what counts.” -David Ben-Gurion

1954-1955 Egyptian-Israel Issues & Heat up to War

• Egypt trained Gazans

• Paid $4 a month

• Sent to Israel to gather intelligence and sabotage

Moshe Dayan wanted to attack Egypt first before Egypt got their new weapons from the Soviet Union

Britain and France wanted the Suez Canal back and became allies to Israel

• Were planning to take it back

• Wanted to see if Israel joined them

• Ben-Gurion agreed to help

1955 February 28: Operation Black Arrow (Israel military operation into Gaza)

By February 1955 the situation was ripe for a massive explosion. In Cairo there was deep suspicion (monitored by IDF Intelligence Branch) of Israel’s aggressive intentions; and in Jerusalem there were both real and feigned suspicions and antipathy toward the Egyptian dictator. The Cairo death sentences, aggravated by what was seen as Nasser’s duplicity, and Ben-Gurion’s return to the Defense Ministry, signifying a weakening of Sharett’s moderate approach, were the two important precipitants of what was about to happen. But the immediate trigger, as usual, was provided by the Arab side: In the last week of February a team of Egyptian intelligence scouts penetrated deep into Israel, reconnoitered a number of sensitive defense facilities, and on February 25 gratuitously shot and killed an Israeli cyclist on a road near Rehovot.

Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2001 (New

York: 2001), pp. 399

Before March 1955 Egypt generally sought tranquillity along its borders with Israel, the more freely to pursue its goals of banishing the British, gaining ascendancy in the Arab world, and developing its political, economic, and social structures. It was ‘far less concerned over the Palestine question’ than any of the other Arab states, reported the American ambassador in Cairo, Jefferson Caffery, at the end of 1954.

In his programmatic—philosophical work, The Philosophy of the Revolution, written, apparently, in late 1953, Nasser carefully avoided calling for Israel’s destruction and did not set it as a goal of Egyptian policy. He spoke only vaguely of the ‘common [Arab] struggle’ and described Israel as a ‘fruit of imperialism’ and Palestine as ‘a home stolen illegally from its owners’. But Israel’s—and especially, Ben-Gurion’s—attitude towards Egypt soured in the course of 1954 and January 1955. A major factor was the increasing violence, occasionally by Egyptian army-directed squads, along the Gaza frontier. Continuing Egyptian political and propaganda warfare against Israel also played a role. And so, somewhat paradoxically, did the Bat-Galim and Lavon affairs. But perhaps the single clinching, traumatic event that soured attitudes towards Cairo among Israeli policy- makers was the hanging of the two Jewish saboteurs in Cairo in January 1955. The hangings led almost directly to the IDF raid on Gaza in February 1955, which, in turn, led directly to both the Egyptian Fedayeen campaigns and the Egyptian Soviet arms deal.

Benny Morris, Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–1956 (Oxford: 1993), pp. 272–3

1950s-1960s: Israeli Relations with United States

The United States, at least until the Kennedy and Johnson administrations in the 1960s, was largely unsympathetic toward Israel. In 1956, Washington even forced Israel to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula it had just conquered in a war provoked by Egypt. Following the Six-Day War, the leading European states oscillated between support for Israel and criticism of its policies, especially vis-à-vis the Palestinians and the occupied territories. Benny Morris

Palestinian fedayeen drew inspiration from guerrilla movements in Vietnam, China, Algeria and Latin America. The ideology of the Palestinian fedayeen was mainly left-wing nationalist, socialist or communist, and their proclaimed purpose was to defeat Zionism, claim Palestine and establish it as “a secular, democratic, nonsectarian state”.

Fedayeen actions were cited by Israel as one of the reasons for its launching of the Sinai Campaign of 1956, the 1967 War, and the 1978 and 1982 invasions of Lebanon. Palestinian fedayeen groups were united under the umbrella the Palestine Liberation Organization after the defeat of the Arab armies in the 1967 Six-Day War, though each group retained its own leader and independent armed forces.

• Palestinian fedayeen - Wikipedia

1950s: Palestinian Fedayeen

1956: 10.29-11.07 - The Second Arab-Israeli War, or the Suez Crisis

In 1956 Egyptian leader Nasser, driven by his desire to be neither a puppet to the US nor USSR, nationalized the Suez canal (in defiance of the Constantinople Convention of 1888) while simultaneously acquiring large amounts of weapons from the USSR. Worried that trade would be interrupted, Britain and France approached Israel, who was worried that the anti-Zionist Egypt was amassing a massive military, to devise a covert plan, the Protocol of Sèvres, in order to stage an Israeli military invasion that would be disrupted by Anglo-Franco forces, which would then give way to an international ownership of the Suez Canal. Despite military success by all three parties, intense international pressure, especially from the United States, pressure from revolting colonies, and intense domestic pressure at home, combined with nuclear sabre-rattling from the USSR, forced the Anglo-Franco forces to immediately withdraw, suffering an international humiliation. Israel would withdraw its forces sometime later, having re-established trade through the Straights of Tiran. Egypt, and namely, Nasser, would emerge feeling as though they had single-handedly defied European imperialistic aims, and saw itself as an emerging unaligned leader of the Arab World.

Israel’s interest in war was weakening a hostile state. Egypt-held Gaza Strip (+ surrounding countries, via Egyptian supported Palestinian Fedayeen) was responsible for attacks injuring approximately 1,300 civilians.

Israel was also scared about Egypt’s large procurement of weapons, and feared they’d forged a secret alliance with Jordan and Syria.

Ben-Gurion’s “grand plan” involved Israel taking territory north into Lebanon, having the West Bank run as a semi-autonomous state attached to Israel, and having Iraq claim everything on the East Bank because Israel believe Jordan to be an unstable state. They also encouraged the taking of the Sinai Penisula.

• British 22 dead, 96 wounded

• French 10 dead, 33 wounded

• Israel 172 dead, 817 wounded

• Egypt 1,500-3,500 dead, 4,900 wounded, with 1,000 Egyptian civilians estimated dead

Until 1966, Israel’s weapons came from France, though Charles de Gaulle ceased supplying Israel with arms post Algerian withdrawal. The US stepped in to replace the flow of weapons.

1966 attack on Samu

1964: Establishment of the Palestinian Liberation Organization

1967 June: Six Day War

On 26 May Nasser declared, “The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel.”16(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_period_(Six-Day_War)#cite_note-Mutawi2002p95-16)

At the end of May 1967, Nasser claimed in a public speech to have been aware of the Straits of Tiran closure implications: “Taking over Sharm El Sheikh meant confrontation with Israel. It also means that we are ready to enter a general war with Israel. It was not a separate operation.”17(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_period_(Six-Day_War)#cite_note-17)

1949-1967 > ^ud0l0v
May 1967: Leaders of Soviet Union gave a false report
by Soviet Intelligence

Yitzhak Rabin wanted to avoid war

• Israel faced prospect for war on 3 fronts

• Jordan

• Syria

• Egypt

• Fear in Israel’s government that if they invaded they’d kill them all

The weeks leading up to the 1967 war were, in the Arab world, likewise a time of public displays of ecstasy. The hour of “revenge” was nigh, and the excitement was expressed in both mass public spectacles and elite opinion. The Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser promised an elated crowd the week before the war broke out that “our basic objective will be to destroy Israel.” Contemporary descriptions of the “carnival-like” atmosphere in Cairo in May 1967 relate that the city was “festooned with lurid posters showing Arab soldiers shooting, crushing, strangling, and dismembering bearded, hook-nosed Jews.” Ahmed Shuqeiri, then the leader of the PLO, promised that only a few Jews would survive the upcoming war. Link

1949-1967 > Nassar Quotes before Six Day War

1967 August: Arab League Summit
(Khartoum Resolution)

Arab’s rejected

Famous for the Khartoum Resolution, known as the “Three No’s”

No Peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel.

Other oil-rich Arab states will help other Arab states who lost the war and to rebuild their military.

The final note of the meeting asserted Palestinians rights to the whole of Palestine, meaning the total eradication of Israel.

1967: Allon Plan

1967-1970: War of Attrition

Ongoing border conflict between Israel and
Egypt, Jordan and the PLO and their allies.
1949-1967 > ^m7s32m

Battle of Karameh
1949-1967 > ^lfbr8n

Israel_Notes_5.pdf (file not included in this release)

1969: Rogers Plan

1970 September: Dawson’s Field hijackings

1970 September: Jordan declares war on PLO (Black September)

1971-1973 Israel-Egypt Negotiations & Relations

• Golda Meir wanted direct talks with Anwar Sadat

• Cairo rebuffed direct talks

• Sadat was saying war was inevitable

• Kissinger didn’t take Sadat serious, as he’d make pronouncements and do nothing

• US, Kissinger preoccupied by Vietnam

• Sadat offer: 1967 borders for peace with Egypt

1972: Munich Olympics Terror Attack

1973 October 6: Yom Kippur War

1974: Gush Emunim was formally established

1974 April: Kiryat Shmona massacre

By PLO

Deaths: 18 Israelis, including 8 children (+ 3 attackers)

1974 May: Ma’alot massacre (School attack)

Deaths: 31 (22 children)

By DFLP

1975: Lebanese Civil War

• Arafat aligned with Muslims

• Christians aligned with Israel

• Israel at that time needed allies

• Secret mission to Beirut

• Gave weapons

• Christians wanted to stop the PLO from launching terror attacks from the country

• Christians weren’t fairing well against the P.

• 40,000 would die on both sides

1976: Land Day

On March 30th, Arab citizens of Israel and Palestine protested to object to the Israeli government expropriating thousands of dunams (acres) of land for state purposes. This was done through general strikes and marches.

• The Israeli army and police would kill 6 unarmed Arab citizens, with hundred being wounded and hundreds of others being arrested.

• The protests leading up to this would lead to more Arabs in Israel protesting for rights and engaging in civic action with future Israeli governments.

• The protests did little to stop the 1975 land expropriation plan.

1976 July: Entebbe Raid

1977: Menahem Begin Elected in Israel

What occupied territories? If you mean Judea and Somaria and Gaza Strip.
Those are liberated territories. They are integral parts of Israel.” -Menahem Begin

Building of settlements Begin’s first priority

1977: Sadat Pre-Israel Visit & Knesset

• Begin was highly suspicious of Sadat

• “Enemy of Israel”

• Sadat keynote speech to Parliament

• Arafat in the audience

• Sadat says he is ready to go to Knesset and negotiate with Israel

• Unthinkable and shocking for all

Sadat offered peace but careful to not abandoned other Arab states

In 1979, over 40,000 Iranian Jews migrated to Israel escaping the Islamic Revolution there.

On June 30th, 1981, Israeli air force destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor in Operation Opera that France was building for Iraq. Israel stated it would pre-emptively attack all attempts to work towards perceived nuclear weapons.

1978 March 11: Coastal Road massacre

Palestinian militants hijacked a bus on the Coastal Highway of Israel and murdered its occupants; 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, were killed as a result of the attack while 76 more were wounded.

1978 September: Camp David Accords

1979 March: Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty

The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel

This treaty was received with enormous controversy across the Arab world

Between 1967 and the early 1980s, annual per capita income in the Gaza Strip rose from $80 to $1,700; in the West Bank, the gross domestic product more than tripled in that period.17 The number of cars in the territories increased tenfold, the number of telephones sixfold, the number of tractors ninefold.18 The rise in personal income and expenditure fueled a general growth in the economy, with the West Bank enjoying an average annual GNP increase, between 1968 and 1978, of 12.9 percent; in the Gaza Strip, it was 12.1 percent, while in Israel itself it was 5.5 percent.19 Roads were vastly improved (though this had more to do with Israeli security considerations and servicing the new Jewish settlements than with care for the welfare of the Arab inhabitants). Most homes were linked up to Israel’s electricity grid—in 1967 only 18 percent of Gaza households had electricity; in 1981, 89 percent.20 Health care, too, got much better, with many of the sick enjoying the services of Israel’s hospitals, which led to a dramatic expansion of the population and overcrowding, especially in Gaza.

Righteous Victims - Benny Morris, page 785 (file not included in this release)

1982: PLO flees to Tunis

1982 June: Attempted Assassination of Shlomo Argov

There is an attempted assassination of Shlomo Argov, ordered by Baghdad and carried out by a Palestinian splinter group (that was hostile to the PLO) in London. This was the pretext by which Israel began the Lebanon War.

1982 June: Lebanon War

9 weeks Israel laid siege to Beirut

Lebanese muslims demanded Arafat and his fighters to leave Beirut

1982 September: Sabra and Shatila massacre

400,000 people protested in Israel for their role in the massacre

1984: Dreyfus affair

Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a 35-year-old Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent, was wrongfully convicted of treason for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent overseas to the penal colony on Devil’s Island in French Guiana, where he spent the following five years imprisoned in very harsh conditions.

1985 February: South Lebanon conflict

South_Lebanon_conflict.pdf (file not included in this release)

1987 December - 1993 September: First Intifada

822+ Palestinian were killed by their own for maybe being coloborators with Israel’s p.49

• Claims that IDF response was too disproportionate

• IDF killed an estimated 1162-1204 Palestinians

Israeli casualties: 100 Civilians - 60 IDF

Benny Morris on the causes Acrobat_jpxnYqmWt4.png Morris, Benny Righteous Victims pg. 799

On 8 October 1990, 22 Palestinians were killed by Israeli police during the 1990 Temple Mount killings at Al-Aqsa. This led the Palestinians to adopt more lethal tactics, with three Israeli civilians and one IDF soldier stabbed in Jerusalem and Gaza two weeks later. Incidents of stabbing persisted.

Pages_from_Israel_Notes-5.pdf (file not included in this release) The 1st Intifada: When Non-Violent Protests Turned Violent | History of Israel Explained | Unpacked

1998: Arafat “renounces” terrorism

• Arafat was convinced it was necessary to negotiate, other leaders weren’t convinced

• US demanded Yasser Arafat renounce terrorism

In 1988 in Geneva, Arafat announced that he would accept the existence of the State of Israel, renounce terrorism, and accept U.N. resolutions 242 and 338. Despite this declaration, the PLO continued terrorist attacks against Israelis.

1991: Iraqi scud missile attacks against Israel

Palestinians celebrated as missiles were heading towards Israel

Israel didn’t retaliate

1991 October: Madrid Conference

US Secretary of State James Baker told an AIPAC audience that Israel needs to abandon its expansionist policies.

• Bush and Baker attempted to pressure Israel off of using any loan guarantees for settlement expansion, pushing heavily against them.

In February of 1994, Baruch Goldstein killed 29 Palestinians and wounded 125 at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. The Kach party has been barred from participation in the 1992 elections, and then subsequently made illegal and designated a terrorist organization. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-733523

• The first suicide bombing in Israel would happen in retaliation for this by Hamas.

1992: Yitzhak Rabin elected Prime Minister of Israel

1993: Oslo I Accord

1994: Israel-Jordan peace treaty

1995: Yitzhak Rabin Assassination

Shot dead by Israeli extremist

1995: Oslo II Accord

Oslo II created the Areas A, B and C in the West Bank. The Palestinian Authority was given some limited powers and responsibilities in the Areas A and B and a prospect of negotiations on a final settlement based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. The Accord was officially signed on 28 September 1995.

1996 February 25: No. 18 bus bombing

by Hamas in Jerusalem

26 killed.

• “The peace is killing us.” Famous chant at the time

• Hama’s idea was to kill the peace Oslo process

• Netanyahu was -31 points until this bombing.

1998 October 15-23: Wyn River Memorandum

The Memorandum aimed to resume the implementation of the 1995 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Oslo II Accord). It was signed in the White House by Benjamin Netanyahu and Yasser Arafat, through negotiations led by U.S. President Bill Clinton, on 23 October 1998.

2000 July 11-25: 2000 Camp David Summit

• Ehud Barak went further than he even wanted to do.

• Arafat walked out and is blamed.

• Can’t blame Netanyahu for this peace failing.

• Arafat launches the Second Intifada

2000 September - 2005 February: Second Intifada

TheSecond_Intifada-Background_and_Causes_of_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Conflict-_Jeremy_Pressman.pdf (file not included in this release)

1968-2023 > 2000 September - 2005 February: Second Intifada

Most prominent were a succession of suicide bombings by Muslim fundamental- ists in Israeli towns, principally against civilian passenger buses and restaurants (suicide bombings, introduced into the region by Hezbollah in the 1980s, were inaugurated by the Palestinian fundamentalists after the Goldstein massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs). The Israelis initially responded with air attacks on empty PNA office buildings and police stations, in an effort to prod the PNA into curbing the terrorists, and initiated pinpoint “targeted assassinations,” in which individual terrorists and their controllers were killed, usually from the air. The Israeli strategy failed. Arafat and his aides continued to incite their people to violence. Indeed, the Hamas suicide bombers were soon aped by a growing number of Fatah suicide bombers. The Fatah members were as religious as their Hamas counter- parts, and the Fatah leadership feared that the Palestinian masses, enamored with the fundamentalists’ “successes,” would cross into the Hamas camp. An atmosphere of terror engulfed Israel. One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 168 (file not included in this release)

2001 August 9: Sbarro Suicide Bombing Massacre

2002: Arab Peace Initiative

2003: Road Map for Peace

The Arab League members unanimously endorsed the peace initiative on March 27.[14] It consists of a comprehensive proposal to end the entire Arab–Israeli conflict.[18] It provides in a relevant part:

(a) Complete withdrawal from the occupied Arab territories, including the Syrian Golan Heights, to the 4 June 1967 line and the territories still occupied in southern Lebanon; (b) Attain a just solution to the problem of Palestinian refugees to be agreed upon in accordance with the UN General Assembly Resolution No 194. (c) Accept the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state on the Palestinian territories occupied since 4 June 1967 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip with East Jerusalem as its capital. In return the Arab states will do the following: (a) Consider the Arab–Israeli conflict over, sign a peace agreement with Israel, and achieve peace for all states in the region; (b) Establish normal relations with Israel within the framework of this comprehensive peace.[18]

Rejecting the Saudi proposal as a “non-starter”, a government statement said it would effectively lead to the destruction of the state of Israel.

“We cannot accept on the one hand to have negotiations for the creation of a Palestinian state, an independent Palestinian state, and on the other hand have all the Palestinians come into Israel,” the statement said

2007: Annapolis Conference

2008 - 2009: Gaza War

Israel refused to lift the blockade, rouge elements unmanaged by Hamas in Gaza still fired rockets into Israel during this cease fire and Hamas refuses to return the captured soldier Gilad Shali.

A six month long ceasefire between Israel and Hamas ended on Nov 4, when the IDF made a raid into Deir al-Balah, central Gaza to destroy a tunnel, killing several Hamas militants. Israel said the raid was a preemptive strike and Hamas intended to abduct Israeli soldiers, while Hamas characterized it as a ceasefire violation, and responded with rocket fire into Israel

• Gilad Shalit, two years before in 2006, was captured by Palestinian militants in a cross-border raid via tunnels near the Israeli border.

2010-2011: Direct Talks with Obama

Direct talks broke down in late September 2010 when an Israeli partial moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank expired and Netanyahu refused to extend the freeze unless the Palestinian Authority recognized Israel as a Jewish State, while the Palestinian leadership refused to continue negotiating unless Israel extended the moratorium.[3] The proposal was rejected by the Palestinian leadership, that stressed that the topic on the Jewishness of the state has nothing to do with the building freeze. The decision of Netanyahu on the freeze was criticized by European countries and the United States.[4][5]

2013-2014: Peace Talks

2014: Gaza War “Protective Edge”

Gaza Health Ministry: 2,310 killed (70% civilians), 10,626 wounded

UN HRC: 2,251 killed (65% civilians)

Israel MFA: 2,125 killed (36% civilians, 44% combatants, 20% uncategorized males aged 16–50

2014: Abbas Peace Plan

Arab’s rejected

2017: Trump Plan

2018 - 2019: Gaza border protests ‘Great March of Return’

2018-2019_Gaza_border_protests.pdf (file not included in this release)

Palestinians had prepared hundreds of firebomb kites, intending to fly them as swarms into Israel exploiting the heavy heat wave to ignite fires, however since the wind was blowing in the wrong direction to the west. The wind also blew tear gas and smoke from burning tires westwards into the Palestinian crowd chasing many away.

On 5 May, six Hamas operatives were killed in an explosion in Deir al-Balah. A statement by Hamas’ military wing blamed Israel – stating that it was a “heinous crime that has been committed against [its] fighters”. The IDF spokesperson stated that “the IDF is not involved in this incident in any way”. A Palestinian, a source for Haaretz, said that it was “an explosion resulting from the handling of explosives inside a building”.

Israeli defense sources claimed that a large fraction of those killed were members or otherwise affiliated with Palestinian militant organizations. According to Israel, the demonstrations provided cover for attacks by militants.

On 11 April, the military-affiliated Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (ITIC) published a report in which it stated that 26 of the 32 persons killed belonged to or were affiliated with Palestinian militant groups. The report identified thirteen of these as belonging to the military wings of these organizations, and six as members of the Gaza security forces.

Hamas heavily mobilized the Gaza population, shutting down schools and workplaces and bussing people to the demonstration points.   Hamas’s leader in Gaza Yahya Sinwar had urged demonstrators in recent weeks to “tear down the wall and tear out their [Israeli’s] hearts.”  Sever days before May 14, he suggested that hundreds of thousands of Palestinians could breach Israel’s security barrier.

2000 BC - 1001 BC: Canaanites

1100BC: Israel culture appears

850 BC: Kingdom of Israel and Judah

960 BCE: Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem completed

732 BCE: Assyrian conquer Land of Israel

597 BCE: Babylonians conquer Jerusalem

63 BCE: Roman conquer Jerusalem

3000BCE-1800 > Jewish-Roman Wars

132 AD: Bar Kokhba revolt

Bar_Kokhba_Revolt.pdf (file not included in this release)

635 AD: Caliph Umar conquer Jerusalem

1260: Mamluks conquer Jerusalem

1516: Ottoman Turks invade and occupy Palestine

1660: Destruction of Tiberias by Druze

The War of Return > **1. Rejection of Partition and War Initiation**

Element Links

xDWlwM1Y: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed

r8pqm2jt: 1800-1899

NYljFnxG: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron

fUSKexJs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed#:~:text=The%201838%20Druze%20attack%20on,Egyptian%20garrison%20outside%20of%20Safed.

pAlFjkmw: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_land_purchase_in_Palestine

PPoJuesT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_in_Mandatory_Palestine

kaS2V7uh: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/myths-and-facts-the-mandatory-period

6k9ylYOn: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/myths-and-facts-the-mandatory-period

TfFh6HPy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire

0qRoU1hb: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aliyah

drbKdnUV: https://history.washington.edu/sites/history/files/documents/research/halperin_2017_petah_tikva_1886-_gender_anonymity_and_the_making_of_zionist_memory_jewish_social_studies.pdf

6TxL42kA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress

4mq8LQtB: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/united-states-immigration-and-refugee-law-1921-1980#:~:text=In%201921%20and%201924%2C%20the,to%20immigrate%20from%20Nazi%20Germany.

rsQBioWp: https://blog.nli.org.il/en/mark-twain-in-palestine/

sASTxHeI: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/palestine-exploration-fund-pef

eY1TqTX7: obsidian://open?vault=Vault&file=60%20Knowledge%2F60.1%20Israel-Palestine%2F60.1.7%20Books%2FOne%20State%2C%20Two%20States%20Resolving%20the%20Israel%20Palestine%20—%20Prof%20Benny%20Morris%20—%202009%20flattened.pdf

9ixeCFUg: One State, Two States Resolving the Israel Palestine — Prof Benny Morris — 2009 flattened, page 49 (file not included in this release)

Tsmh8aeT: obsidian://open?vault=Vault&file=60%20Knowledge%2F60.1%20Israel-Palestine%2F60.1.4%20Main%2F1900-1948

fPznvjJs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Aliyah

iXOLlHva: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Moshe_Barsky

52tOmSvn: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes–Picot_Agreement

qqTEMPJN: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration

DYEuEX0K: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration

USkhXJvg: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration

7AcV5TW4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration

GGnbzzMf: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GQXHYFJWwAA5BoF?format=jpg&name=medium

iyN4yZcc: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GQXHYjdWQAApHWi?format=jpg&name=large

8vxp3Dp4: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GQXHZZ7WoAAGcad?format=jpg&name=large

LozmeHlp: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GQXHaINWYAA7mQg?format=jpg&name=medium

z7QHsKBP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem

Tnuu9UqF: https://www.amazon.com/Land-Refuge-Immigration-Palestine-Perspectives/dp/0253070074

I79kaZYU: https://www.jewishhistory.org/the-third-aliyah/

0AYT2jqL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine

GRCHy049: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai?utm_source=pocket_saves

YjMz4gKB: https://britainpalestineproject.org/the-1920-jerusalem-riots-arab-fears-zionist-pressures-faulty-security-cited-in-british-palin-inquiry/

IgVlkMMD: https://www.jpost.com/opinion/columnists/fundamentally-freund-the-arab-pogrom-that-started-it-all-347419

RODcqQ54: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots

fm4jBrNG: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine#cite_ref-18

9UlUfFKC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_riots

6lchKgg2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_riots#cite_note-segev-4

qbJuNkKw: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Israël_de_Haan?utm_source=pocket_saves

aZ7WljPO: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/opinion-the-arab-with-the-knife-the-murder-of-the-jew-100-years-of-excuses/&ved=2ahUKEwi21pi38JqNAxVUVTABHcKlOWkQFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2NlXznD-lnHjygrnPmnERi

tPXBJq7C: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre

EH0qoh1l: https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/this-often-forgotten-1929-massacre-is-key-to-understanding-the-current-israel-palestinian

tlAAMGeG: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism

6u92on7O: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936–1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine

Zrgo88C0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havlagah

QePrb0Kg: obsidian://open?vault=Vault&file=60%20Knowledge%2F60.1%20Israel-Palestine%2F60.1.7%20Books%2FOne%20State%2C%20Two%20States%20Resolving%20the%20Israel%20Palestine%20—%20Prof%20Benny%20Morris%20—%202009%20flattened.pdf

ad4J8Z0R: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission

oJ0LfAQT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead_Commission

1CmGK7Vr: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXjgfaa94OI&t=127s

sUuukzh0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Conference

MCrpQBpZ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939

baQUymLN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoM6fi9AvNY&t=644s

HxsO61rk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhud

hKGLPvDO: https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1bpi7cl5

STbGwwUq: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world

VeZxEyTy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltmore_Conference

Z1XaIzh4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlas

pExshSuO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry

CFkGDg90: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing#:~:text=The%20British%20administrative%20headquarters%20for,Irgun%20during%20the%20Jewish%20insurgency.

5k0fMk4y: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine

g8ZEbqpF: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine

BXsHm7pO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings

UEjY4SAQ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhfysdHgGh8&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ

FEwwyGdq: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre#

nxxFbRhA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre

OfGaggkY: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_National_Jihad_in_Palestine

qXeu05UO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada

S2LNXqXp: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world

JtMfL5rl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency

aVQvUGGT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_raid_on_Beit_Jala#:~:text=It%20involved%20an%20Israeli%20incursion,attack%20killed%20seven%20civilian%20residents.

qCQGrzEM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_raid_on_Beit_Jala#:~:text=It%20involved%20an%20Israeli%20incursion,attack%20killed%20seven%20civilian%20residents.

bYK53IwH: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency

7cuG3Gzp: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096340213493259

PUkQkM4P: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Czechoslovak_arms_deal

bUl6YAee: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Czechoslovak_arms_deal

gppK96eJ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Arrow#cite_ref-7

quiJuPWz: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis

EW0oT4Uh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_attack_on_Samu

al8CD9gE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization

LM6UIFVt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization

09pigiIz: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_118

w2meTw3x: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/meria/meria00_gii01.html

dJReByTk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution

XSu8RTH0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Arab_League_summit

YBlnVxcx: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allon_Plan

aAJzQ9jm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967

H9rdQ2MB: https://youtube.com/shorts/EIIKBbl9F2U?si=MqS4JV8hvQvxAcF5

kU3LjpXK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Plan

sFwfwCRJ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings

C7phuOLt: https://www.timesofisrael.com/golda-meir-offered-egypt-part-of-sinai-for-peace/

bEEiIh9R: https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/28/archives/sadat-ignores-meir-peace-bid-says-egypt-wont-admit-defeat.html

DH0hOMGm: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre

JecwEC7W: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War

pYgEMhfM: https://notevenpast.org/october-1973-nixons-decision-to-resupply-israel/

1SdHiXsE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn5f0DthwJ8&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ&index=5

MEqgVAwQ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Emunim

SfsKer8o: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre

LjRldHsf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre

euphv6M0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine

xmWZldbD: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War

hz15IZPA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Day

VQ0ZqxIE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_raid

c11ziyAI: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsQ0bikGkXg&t=3s

JOJG8bLe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre

o5ZzQV3F: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords

9i6ReGrE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn5f0DthwJ8&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ&index=5

jrYNa92Y: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_peace_treaty

D5M2sBaQ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg#:~:text=At%20the%20time%20of%20the,allow%20the%20PLO%20into%20Tunis.

Vgjlpcr2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Argov

vW8AV7Ip: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre

9eYr0M82: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair

kazqPXMc: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/pa/isrpa1101.pdf

Tu00pb7H: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8YKvj9c9JA&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ&index=11

nkDEgHks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel

Tj4RF408: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991

EU50wlAQ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8YKvj9c9JA&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ&index=13

cXLczuOR: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord

y4b3kxim: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_9esFQqF60&list=PLpoX921v2BDLjkwGwRdop6ixeQt4YKCSJ&index=6

lqya1OdH: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–Jordan_peace_treaty

nQoFwOBy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin

x2h5esgU: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord

P63EJhHB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Road_bus_bombings

bTjPjx5C: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum

WUD3IZr4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit

rKV8fmVo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada

BgNvu9pI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing

drV9KMAf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit

7w5U4OJC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative

JQL2xqzM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_map_for_peace#Start_and_deadlock:~:text=By

ala4ZwJj: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-day-that-bush-took-gaza/

oHGFwYHz: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1898736.stm

08cFCsyb: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Conference

ThJW4Au0: CongressionalResearch_Service-_Israel_and_Hamas_Conflict_in_Gaza_2008-2009.pdf (file not included in this release)

9BLJ8kcH: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–2011_Israeli–Palestinian_peace_talks

hGKB5R2q: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013–2014_Israeli–Palestinian_peace_talks

C0g2L2ea: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Gaza_War

Edo6E2uq: https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/soldier-from-operation-protective-edge-responds-to-un-report-we-have-paid-for-morality-in-blood-406862

rVuLS7ND: https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-never-said-no-to-2008-peace-deal-says-former-pm-olmert/

kaiA7Kbe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Trump_Israel–Palestine_plan

hZK4ogJi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan

Vovctyiy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)

oUPaAmdO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah

8uRWx8Cq: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-first-temple-solomon-s-temple

OKqOgN0s: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib’s_campaign_in_the_Levant

DMTMzQrS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)

ycBtgMFJ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)

i2ns8nla: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636–637)

JJOULAGW: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Byzantine_wars

ISpAInlP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem

opX5Pc3t: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Mamluk_War_(1516–1517)

hiBrILkS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yishuv

ZQMID9Ff: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Tiberias

02fzugEe: The War of Return

zQhq3CHU: David Ben-Gurion

kRqBjeo8: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-first-aliyah-1882-1903

vTn1Xh5a: https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history/

msJY7ixb: https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history/

OoSxtM1O: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Storrs

i1vsdxnB: 1968-2023 > 1973 October 6: Yom Kippur War

STon6NWZ: https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/palestine-liberation-organization-plo

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