What knowledge is, where it comes from, and whether any of it can be justified all the way down. The overview essay lives in Epistemology.
What Is Knowledge?
- Knowledge · Definitions of Knowledge
- The classic counterexample → Gettier problem
The Justification Problem
- Münchhausen trilemma - Agrippa's Trilemma — the regress, in three bad endings
- Problem of the Criterion
- Foundationalism · Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
- Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
- Axioms · Bedrock (“hinge”) propositions in On Certainty
The Big Positions
- Rationalism · Skepticism
- Constructivism · Naturalized Realism · Relativism
- Cross-branch → Positivism · Pragmatism · Realism · Idealism
Fact and Value
- Hume, Reid, and Locke - Destiny v Asmongold Philosophy Audit: Reid’s critique of the way of ideas, Locke’s intuitive knowledge and empiricism, Hume’s induction problem, and the limits of arguments from cognitive trust to moral realism.
- Fact–value distinction · Is-Ought Problem
- Metaphorical Truths
Science & Method
- Current Science Understanding
- Intro to Metaphysics & Epistemology - Peterson Academy
- Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence — how priors, likelihood ratios, testimony, and rival explanations determine the evidential burden
- Cross-branch → Karl Popper · Bayes’ theorem · Deductive & Inductive Reasoning
Key Thinkers
- Rene Descartes · John Locke · George Berkeley · David Hume · Immanuel Kant
- Thomas Reid · Scottish Common Sense Realism
- Ludwig Wittgenstein · A. J. Ayer · Karl Popper
Reading
- Unified curriculum — Phase 2: Knowledge and skepticism — Williams’s deliberate reread, Pojman selections, articles and lessons
- Problems of Knowledge - A Critical Introduction to Epistemology
- An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
- Think - Simon Blackburn
Base index
Epistemology (MOC).base (file not included in this release)