⬅️ Back to 60.9 Philosophy · Sister MOCs: History of Philosophy (MOC) · Schools of Thought (MOC) · Books & Courses (MOC)
Every thinker note in the folder, grouped by era. For the arguments they had with each other, see Disagreement Table in Philosophy; for when they lived, see Philosophy TIMELINE.
Ancient — Greek & Roman
Pre-Socratics
The classical trio
Hellenistic & Roman
Historians & Socratics
Medieval — Christian, Islamic & Jewish
- Augustine · William of Ockham
- Avicenna · Maimonides (see also the stub Moses Maimonides)
Renaissance & Early Modern
- Machiavelli · Michel de Montaigne · Francis Bacon
- Rationalists → Rene Descartes · Baruch Spinoza · Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Empiricists → Thomas Hobbes · John Locke · George Berkeley
The Enlightenment
- Voltaire · Montesquieu · Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- David Hume · Adam Smith · Thomas Reid
- Bernard Mandeville — private vices, publick benefits; the selfish system Hume and Smith wrote against
- Immanuel Kant · Jeremy Bentham
- Mary Wollstonecraft · Edmund Burke
19th Century — Idealism, Revolt & Reaction
- German Idealism → Johann Gottlieb Fichte · Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- The pessimists & existential turn → Arthur Schopenhauer · Søren Kierkegaard · Friedrich Nietzsche (see also Nietzsche)
- Liberalism & its critics → John Stuart Mill · Karl Marx
- Positivism → Auguste Comte
Founders of Social Science
20th Century — Analytic
- The logical turn → Gottlob Frege · Bertrand Russell · G. E. Moore · Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Logical positivism & its critics → A. J. Ayer · Karl Popper
- Ethics → Philippa Foot
20th Century — Continental
- Phenomenology & existentialism → Edmund Husserl · Martin Heidegger · Jean-Paul Sartre
- Critical theory & poststructuralism → Herbert Marcuse · Michel Foucault · Jacques Derrida · Jean Baudrillard
Modern Political Thinkers
- Liberal & libertarian → John Rawls · Robert Nozick
- Radical individualism → Ayn Rand — rational egoism and laissez-faire as a moral claim (Objectivism)
- Conservative & anti-liberal → Leo Strauss · Carl Schmitt · Gaetano Mosca · Julius Evola
Contemporary ethics and metaethics
- Lance Bush — moral antirealism, quietism, the Wilson critiques, source notes, and handwritten journal pages.
Handwritten Notebook Topics
- David Lewis — modal metaphysics and the journal’s philosopher notes
- Cesare Beccaria — criminal-law reform, punishment, and Enlightenment utility
- Denis Diderot — the Encyclopédie, censorship, and Enlightenment thought
Base index
Philosophers (MOC).base (file not included in this release)
Filed captures and working notes — October 2026
Philosopher biographies and captured terminology
- Augustine of Hippo (Saint Augustine) — merged capture, retained in the named section
- Term - In a Hegelian Sense — merged capture, retained in the named section